ECHO Technical Notes

TN #51 Moringa Leaf Powder - 20-01-2005

The leaves of the Moringa oleifera tree are very nutritious. They can be consumed fresh, cooked or dried. Since dried Moringa leaves retain their nutrient content, it is possible to convert them into leaf powder. When there is an abundance of leaves, this leaf powder can be made and stored easily. Moringa Leaf Powder is an excellent nutritional supplement and can be added to any dish.

Cite this article as:

Doerr, B. and L. Cameron 2005. Moringa Leaf Powder. ECHO Technical Note no. 51.

TN #50 Statistical Analysis of Simple Agricultural Experiments - 01-04-2003

Use of a new crop variety or production technique may dramatically increase food production in a given area. Alternatively, an innovation successful in North America may utterly fail in the tropics. The goal of “adaptive research” is to evaluate a particular innovation for its usefulness under local conditions. This technical note is written for those who want to improve the quality of their experiments but who have little or no background in statistics. It supplements the 81st issue of ECHO Development Notes with step-by-step instructions on how to manually calculate statistics for the most commonly used experimental designs. A little persistence, very basic math skills, and perhaps a calculator are all you need to do the calculations. If you have a computer equipped with statistical software, doing a set of calculations by hand or with a calculator will help you to understand how to use the software and interpret the output. Examples are given for experiments in which only one factor (e.g. crop variety) is tested. A limited amount of statistical terminology is woven into the text for the benefit of those interested in further study.

Cite this article as:

Motis, T. 2003. Statistical Analysis of Simple Agricultural Experiments. ECHO Technical Note no. 50.

TN #49 Rope Maker - 01-01-2003

Rope can be made from cord or string or even discarded plastic bags using a simple spindle to twist the materials together. 

Cite this article as:

Forst, C. and L. Stoll 2003. Rope Maker. ECHO Technical Note no. 49.

TN #48 Acid Soils of the Tropics - 01-01-2002

Acidification of soil is a natural process with major ramifications on plant growth. As soils become more acid, particularly when the pH drops below 4.5, it becomes increasingly difficult to produce food crops. As soil pH declines, the supply of most plant nutrients decreases while aluminum and a few micronutrients become more soluble and toxic to plants. These problems are particularly acute in humid tropical regions that have been highly weathered. According to Sanchez and Logan (1992), for example, one third of the tropics, or 1.7 billion hectares, is acid enough for soluble aluminum to be toxic for most crop plants. We will look at some of the causes of acidification and list some of the expected results of both acidification and the practice of liming for acid neutralization.

What’s Inside:

• What Causes Soil to Become Acid?
• Soil pH and Aluminum
• Effects of Acidification
• Solution to the Problem
• What Happens When Soil is Limed
• Dangers of Over-Liming the Soil

Cite this article as:

Harter, R.D. 2002. Acid Soils of the Tropics. ECHO Technical Note no. 48.

TN #47 Composting Toilets - 01-01-2002

A composting toilet is any system that converts human waste into compost through the natural breakdown of organic matter. The photo above shows a composting toilet from the late 1800’s. Composting toilets provide a sanitary method to recycle human waste while conserving water and protecting the environment. In addition, they produce a valuable fertilizer. Composting toilets can be divided into batch systems and continuous use systems. The models covered here are batch systems. 

Cite this article as:

Forst, C. 2002. Composting Toilets . ECHO Technical Note no. 47.

TN #46 Papaya Leaf Tea as a Malaria Prophylactic? - 01-01-2002

ECHO does NOT recommend that anyone stop taking their antimalarial medicine in order to try this treatment. The only evidence for the effectiveness of papaya leaf tea in the prevention of malaria is anecdotal. No studies have been done to scientifically demonstrate its effectiveness.

Does papaya leaf tea prevent malaria? In ECHO Development Notes Issue 69 (September 2000), we asked if any of those in our network had heard of the use of papaya leaf tea for the treatment and/or prevention of malaria. We were prompted by a question from two development workers in Indonesia who wrote to ECHO inquiring whether papaya leaves contained quinine. They wondered because tea from the leaves is widely used there in the belief that it prevents malaria. Dr. Rolf Myhrman at Judson College analyzed the bitter leaves for quinine, but found none. That does not, of course, rule out the possibility that some other chemical in the leaves may be effective.

Cite this article as:

Berkelaar, D. 2002. Papaya Leaf Tea as a Malaria Prophylactic?. ECHO Technical Note no. 46.

TN #45 Should an Institution Grow its Own Food - 01-06-2001

Several times each year ECHO hears from someone (1) at an institution that is evaluating whether it should attempt to grow food for its [students, orphans, feeding program, staff, etc.] or (2) from someone contacted by such an institution and are asking ECHO's advice about whether/how to help them. Usually the institution has land that they could be farming or the government has promised to give it to them.

Cite this article as:

Price, M.L. 2001. Should an Institution Grow its Own Food. ECHO Technical Note no. 45.

TN #44 Methane Digester - 01-01-2001

When organic material decomposes under anaerobic conditions, it produces biogas which is a mixture of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) with small quantities of hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide and other compounds. Biogas can be used as a fuel source for cooking, heating, producing light or even fueling a generator. A methane digester is a device used to produce and capture this biogas. There are many designs for methane digesters ranging from large and complex to small and simple. This document will cover 2 main types of digesters: batch digesters and flow-thru digesters; and 2 main types of gas collectors: tube collectors and floating collectors.

Cite this article as:

Doerr, B. and N. Lemkuhl 2001. Methane Digester. ECHO Technical Note no. 44.

TN #43 BioSand Water Filter - 01-01-2001

Access to clean drinking water remains one of the greatest challenges in the world. The BioSand Filter is one method that can be used for purifying water at the household level. With this filter, contaminated water is filtered through a natural biological layer and then layers of sand, pebbles and stones. The BioSand Filter can be made using local materials and is a low-cost system that removes suspended sediments and other impurities from water in order to make it safer for human consumption. 

What’s Inside:

• Household Water Treatment
• Filter Details Materials for Construction Filter
• Construction Filter Assembly
• Filter Use Filter
• Maintenance Additional Resources 

Cite this article as:

Doerr, B. and N. Lemkuhl 2001. Biosand Water Filter. ECHO Technical Note no. 43.

TN #42 Haybaler - 01-01-2001

This simple device provides a method of manually producing bales of hay. Small-scale farmers may be interested in this technology because hay is both easier to store and easier to transport when it has been baled. Also, baled hay retains a higher nutrient content than hay that has been cut and left exposed to the sun.

Cite this article as:

Dahlman, J. and C. Forst 2001. Haybaler. ECHO Technical Note no. 42.